MIND MAPS

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

Mind maps are a type of mental maps and are a way to map a subject for brainstorming or a review tool starting a central location to how objects and thoughts connect and/or relate with each other. In the above image the 200 most popular websites of 2007 are mapped on the subway map for Tokyo based on their popularity, success, number of hits, etc.

CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE PROPORTIONAL CIRCLE MAP

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

A continuously variable proportional circle map is a variation of the proportional circle map. What makes this type of map different is that multiple variables are or may be represented on the varying size circles. The above image is an example of this as the size of the circle depends on how much meat those regions of France sent to the butchers in Paris. Those circles are then divided similar to a pie chart to represent what type and percentage of meat was sent to the butchers in Paris.

PROPAGANDA MAPS

http://drawn.ca/archive/satirical-european-maps-of-wwi/

Propaganda maps are an example of a mental map where one entity is attempting to influence and alter the beliefs of another to gain their support. The above is a satirical map of Europe depicting different stereotypes of the regions with what was occurring during WWI.

CARTOGRAM

http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/Cartogram_Central/gallery.html

A cartogram is a type of thematic map that uses a variable to distort the normal projection of the map. In this cartogram the size and shape of the states is altered based on the winner of that state's percentage of popular votes from the 1996 election.

THEMATIC MAP

http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/

Thematic maps are a surface map that portrays a particular theme of the area being mapped. In the image above the Department of Agriculture uses a thematic map to show the hardiness zones for plants for all 50 states.

RADAR IMAGES

http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/radar.html

RADAR images are developed from transmitting radio waves are then reflected back to an antenna that measures the time and distance of the returning pulses the object they interacted with. The above image is of an early RADAR image from 1944 of an approaching frontal boundary. Until this point RADAR was primarily used by the military.

SONAR IMAGES

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04gmss/media/sonar_u166.html

SONAR imaging involves transmitting sound waves through the water that are reflected back to sensors to develop an image of what it is scanning. As a current Navy Submariner I am very familiar with SONAR and its uses. The above is a side SONAR scan of the wreckage of an old German U-Boat on the bottom of the ocean floor.

LIDAR IMAGES

http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s798b.htm

LIDAR imaging uses laser beams to develop a very detailed image showing elevation features to the centimeter. The above is a LIDAR image of Ground Zero showing void left by the collapse of the north and south towers. The height of the surrounding buildings is also stressed with the variation and darkening of colors as the buildings get higher.

INFRARED AERIAL IMAGE

http://www.stxmaps.com/go/boot-cove.html

Infrared aerial images are used to help delineate surface features using false coloring. The above image is of Boot Cove in South Texas, which happens to be a popular location for fishing. Images like these can help fisherman determine the ideal locations for fish due to the natural features of the coast being very prominent. 

CARTOGRAPHIC ANIMATION

http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a003200/a003200/index.html

Cartographic animation is a compilation of images to portray the movement of weather phenomena in a manner much like an old cartoon would. These animations can also be side by side to demonstrate this movement. The above image is a animation of Hurricane Emily in 2005 as it travel through the Caribbean Sea and making landfall south the the Mexico/Texas border.

DOPPLER RADAR IMAGES

http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/doppler.htm

Doppler radar images are a result of radars utilizing the doppler effect to show the reflectivity of precipitation and velocity of the wind associated with storms. The above is a doppler radar image of a supercell showing a supercell with tornado activity associated with it.

CARTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION

http://kozinets.net/archives/274/internet-map-with-your-location-clearly-marked/

Cartographic visualization is a way for the scientific community to use the concepts of maps to their study just as it is with the earth. The above image is an example of this of how the internet was mapped at one point with a "You are here" arrow showing the vast nature of the internet.

STATISTICAL MAPS

http://artneuroscience.tumblr.com/post/436403990/a-dopamine-laden-meeting-with-dr-alison-adcock

Statistical maps are a way of showing visually how two different variables are related and producing an image. In the above 3D statistical map the activity of the brain and dopamine are mapped to show a relation. This was done in a similar manner to the occurrence of galaxies in the universe by forming blobs.

TRIANGULAR PLOT

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/maillists/tmap/ferret_users/fu_2007/msg00384.html

With a triangular plot the three sides of the triangle can each represent it's own variable and then be scaled appropriately and plotted on a triangle grid. The above triangle plot shows how the tsunami wave train from three different models can arrive at a coastal location.

WINDROSE

http://www.climate.washington.edu/climate.html

A windrose is useful to visually portray the frequency of wind direction. In the above image the wind blew out of the south approximately 13% of the time. This wind rose also adds in the wind sped with the frequency of the wind direction. The more color means the wind speed occurred more often. On this wind rose the most frequent wind occurrence was a 7 to 11 know south wind.

CLIMOGRAPH

https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/preview_lesson.php?&passid=74

Climographs are a graph that graphs and shows the relationship between precipitation and temperature for a given time frame, typically on average. The above image is a climograph of the temperature and precipitation of Guam.

SIMILARITY MATRIX

http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/fbpe/img/ejb/v10n4/a10/ap2.html

A similarity matrix is a matrix that is used to show a similarity of genes of a species. The above image shows the genetic similarity of 33 different cannabis accessions.

PARALLEL COORDINATE PLOT

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/a/c/acr181/election.html

In a parallel coordinate plot a variable is graphed on its own individual vertical axis. These plots are then connected with lines. These plots can be very useful to identify an average by where the data intersects at a point the most. The above plot demonstrates this with having multiple vertical axis with points that are connected.

HISTOGRAM

http://www.cyber-wit.com/gallery_histogram.html

Histograms are a type of chart that portrays tabulated data. In the image above it can be seen that most students received a final score between 80-90, a B.

BOX PLOT

http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/boxplot.htm

Box plots are a very useful way to plot some summary of data on an interval scale. In this plot of lottery payouts for three different ranges of years shows that the meridian payout is nearly the same among the three different year ranges.

STEM AND LEAF PLOT

http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/mathdictionary/S/stemleaf.php

Stem and Leaf plots are a type of plot where the data is plotted by place value and are very useful if you want to find a mean, medium, or mode of the data set. The above image is what you would expect to see for a typical stem and leaf plot and are easily able to identify the trend.

POPULATION PROFILE

http://209.68.15.158/Publications/Reports/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come/Chapter_Six_Subtypes_and_a_Speculative_Structure.shtml

Population profiles, sometimes called population pyramids, are a type of chart that demographers use to demonstrate age and sex distribution for a given area. The above population pyramid demonstrates this with sowing the sex distribution for different age groups of US immigrants in 2004.

SCATTER PLOT

http://www.biomedware.com/files/documentation/spacestat/interface/Views/Scatter_plot.htm

Scatter Plots are an image where a dot represents a relationship between two different variables. The above image demonstrates a scatter plot as two variables (1990 and 1970) between a set of numerical values are plotted. The highest centralized location is towards the center of this scatter plot.

INDEX VALUE PLOT

http://wattsupwiththat.com/2009/08/17/evidence-that-ocean-net-heat-flow-is-connected-with-climate-shifts-co2-not-correlated/

Index value plots take some form of an index value and plot it. This is different from a line graph that uses an absolute value. The above index plot shows the value over the given time frame of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. 

LORENZ CURVES

http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch4en/meth4en/gini.html

Lorenz curves are a type of graph visually show how some set of data would appear as actually graphed against how if it were equally distributed. The image above demonstrates this with colors to show the area between the lorenz curve and the equality line.

REMOTE SENSING

carocoops.org/gearth/latest_overlays.kml

Remote sensing is method of observing, monitoring, and even identify some form of information or object without coming into physical contact with it. The above image is a KML image of sea surface temperatures. The shades of red indicate the hottest temperatures.

DEM

http://tahoe.usgs.gov/DEM.html

Digital elevation models are a type of digital image in which the topographic features of the area are converted using the raster method of pixilating the data. Another important feature of these images are that they are associated with horizontal geographic coordinates.These digital images are very useful in developing a 3D image of the terrain. This method is portrayed in the above image of the Lake Tahoe basis to produce a 3D image of the coordinate area.

DRG

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/domier/index.html

Digital raster graphic images are essentially a scanned USGS topographic map that is then pixilated. These pixels are then associated with a value to represent the area it is associated with. The above DRG shows this as some areas are darker from more pixels than others while still resembling a topographic map.

DLG

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-471/domier/index.html

Digital line graphs are digital images that contain a plethora of information that is represented on the image via vectors. This information ranges from the topographic data to even utility services. This information is portrayed on the map as arcs, lines, points, and polygraphic shapes. The above image is and example of this as the lines of contour show the topographic information and different polygraphic shapes show other key information.

DOQQ

http://lacoast.gov/maps/2004doqq/MissRiverDelta.htm

Digital Orthographic Quarter-Quads are a type of map that combine the geometric qualities of a map with that of some type of aerial photograph. This process helps to remove the distortion resulting from the aerial photograph. The above image of the Mississippi River Delta is an example of this method as a black and white aerial photo has orthorectified with the quadrants to remove distortion.

BLACK & WHITE AERIAL IMAGES

http://erebus.nmt.edu/imagepages/bwaerials/pages/page_1.html

Black and White aerial photographs are a tool that mapmakers can utilize when developing topographic maps. The above photograph is of Mt. Erbus volcano crater. The middle of the crater is the darkest area and the farthest from the camera lens.

FLOW MAPS

http://www.fews.net/pages/marketflowmap.aspx?gb=sl&l=en

Flow maps are a type of maps that show the movement of some variable across a surface. In the above map of Sierra Leon the market  flow from production areas and intensity is portrayed.

CLASSED CHOROPLETH MAPS

http://eps.mq.edu.au/courses/GEOS219/choropleth.htm

Classed choropleth maps are a variety of choropleth maps in that the data portrayed is classed into divisions of values. In the above map of fatality rates for children 1 year or younger, the deaths per 1,000 live births is broken up into multiple classes associated with a particular shade.

UNSTANDARDIZED CHOROPLETH MAPS

http://personal.uncc.edu/lagaro/cwg/color/Choropleth-7Good2.gif

Unstandardized choropleth maps are a variety of choropleth maps in that the data portrayed has not been areally averaged. The above map shows the status of the North Carolina architectural surveys not as a average but by the status of these surveys by colors.

CHOROPLETH MAPS

http://oliverobrien.co.uk/category/openstreetmap/page/4/

Choropleth maps are a large category of maps that portray some type of areal data. The above map demonstrates this category as it shows the coverage of a mapping system comparable to Google Maps to that of the United Kingdom's Department of Transortation data.

ISOLINE MAPS

http://giscommons.org/?page_id=18

Isoline maps are another name for contour line maps and are a form of hypsometric maps. Each contour, also known as an isoline, is representative of an equal value. The above map is what you could expect to see on a weather surface map showing equal air pressures across the country.

DOT DENSITY MAPS

http://giscommons.org/?page_id=18

Dot density maps are a dot distribution map in which each dot represents a given value and does not very in size. The above map is an example of this in that this is what you would expect to see for a national map using this method. The above dots do not very in size and would represent a given value.

PROPORTIONAL CIRCLE MAPS

http://www.maproomblog.com/2008/11/three_us_election_maps.php

Proportional circle maps are a form dot density maps in which the size of the dot varies dependent on the variable being measured. In the above map the raw-vote size lead of a candidate is represented for state counties from the 2008 presidential election.

ISOPLETH IMAGES

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027308004381

Isopleth maps are a variation of hypsometric maps in which a measured variable of a constant value is connected by contour lines. In the above isopleth map the particle size associated with pumice and lithic data from an Icelandic volcano eruption.

ISOPACH IMAGES

http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2007/07022lash/images/2_18.htm

Isopach maps is a variety of hypsometric maps that show the thickness of sediment and/or rock using contour lines. These contour lines with isopach maps are known as isopachs. In the above image the dark blue isopach contour lines represent equal depth of shale rock of this region of Pennsylvania.

ISOTACH IMAGES

http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/28Oct2008/ua2.php

Isotach maps are another form of hypsometric maps that utilize contour lines to show an equal parameter. In the case of isotach maps this equal parameter is air speed. The above image demonstrates this perfectly with the wind direction symbols flowing with the contours of equal wind speed.

ISOHYET IMAGES

http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/caims/Climatic%20information/Stations/Maps/Isohyet/isohyet_map.htm

Isohyet maps are another type of hypsometric maps. Isohyets use contour lines to portray rain fall precipitation. The above image demonstrates this using the contour lines couples with coloring to show different rainfall amounts.

ISOBAR IMAGES

http://www.newmediastudio.org/DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Hurr_Structure_Energetics/Closed_Isobars/Closed_Isobars.html

Isobar maps are a form of hypsometric maps since it uses contour lines of an equal value. In the case of isobar maps this equal value represented are air pressures. In the above map you can see how the air pressure rises the farther out you go from the center of a low pressure system.

BATHYMETRIC MAPS

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/haleakala/mauinui.html

Bathymetric maps are a type of hypsometric map using contour lines to show the elevation and relief features of the land below the water. The above image of the Hawaiian Islands, my future home next January thanks to the Navy, shows how the sea floor is very dynamic with regards to its elevations around a volcanic island chain. 

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

http://cbavalanchecenter.org/page.cfm?pageid=9861

Topographic maps use isolines to portray the third dimension of relief of the area being mapped. The above topographic map demonstrates this perfectly with isolines of the same elevation to portray the relief of the land.

HYPSOMETRIC MAP

http://maps.aridocean.com/

Hypsometric maps are intended to portray the relief features of the area being map. The above surface map of France portrays the naturally occurring relief the country using color and shading to portray the third dimension of elevation.

PLANIMETRIC MAP

http://cge.fsu.edu/aboutus/directions.cfm

Planimetric maps are those that do not show any natural or man-made relief features. Another important feature of these maps are that they only portray a 2D image. A prime example of this style of maps are street maps. I chose the above map of Florida State University since it a 2D map with no relief images and is a great example of a planimetric map.

PLSS MAP

http://iagenweb.org/harrison/twp/rangemap.htm

The above image is an example of a US Public Land Survey System (PLSS) map. Established using meridians and baselines, areas are divided using ranges and townships. The Harrison County, Iowa map I have selected shows how the county is divided up systematically using the PLSS into ranges and townships.

CADASTRAL MAP

http://elcoco.co/new-cadastral-maps-provide-better-security-for-property-in-costa-rica/

The above image is an example of a cadastral map. Cadastral maps are representative of the partitioning of land using natural features for the purpose of land ownership. The above image is a prime example as it shows how this area of Costa Rica is partitioned unsystematically and identifies land ownership